- B1 – Humans & Organisms
- B1a – Cell Activity
- - Cell Vocabulary List
- - Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
- - Comparing Plant and Animal Cells-VENN Diagram
- - Function of Cell Parts
- - Function of Cell Parts-Answers
- - Labeling a Plant Cell
- - Labeling an Animal Cell
- - Diffusion and Osmosis
- - Solution of Various Concentrations Diagram
- - Plant Cell Diagram
- - Arrangement of Cells Diagram
- B1b – Nutrition and Digestion
- B1c – Circulation
- B1d – Breathing and Respiration
- B1e – Nervous Control
- B1f – Homeostatis
- B1g – Support & Movement
- B2 – Green Plants as Organisms
- - Outline
- B3 – Inheritance & Evolution
- B4 – Organisms in their Environment
- B5 – Classification & Reproduction
- - ppt Presentation
- - Outline
- - Comparing Plant and Animal Reproduction
- - Substances that Diffuse Across the Placenta
- - Revision Quiz
- - Female Reproductive Diagram
- - Female Reproductive System Label
- - Male Reproductive Diagram
- - Male Reproductive System Label
- - Menstrual Cycle
- - Test Revision Answers
B1 – Humans & Organisms
- Topic B1a: Cell Activity
- Label diagrams of typical animal and plant cells
- State the functions of the cell parts
- State three differences between animal and plant cells
- Relate the structure of cells to their functions
- Define osmosis
- Describe and explain what happens when cells are placed in solutions of different concentrations
- Cells Vocabulary List ~ Download ~
- Comparing Plant and Animal Cells ~ Download ~
- Comparing Plant and Animal Cells-VENN Diagram ~ Download ~
- Function of Cell Parts ~ Download ~
- Function of Cell Parts-Answers ~ Download ~
- Labeling a Plant Cell ~ Download ~
- Labeling an Animal Cell ~ Download ~
- Diffusion and Osmosis ~ Download ~
- Solution of Various Concentrations Diagram ~ Download ~
- Plant Cell Diagram ~ Download ~
- Arrangement of Cells Diagram ~ Download ~
- Topic B1b: Nutrition and Digestion
- State the seven components of a balanced diet, their functions and foods containing them
- Describe the tests for starch, glucose, protein and fat
- Describe the problems caused by caused by some dietary deficiencies
- Explain why food must be digested
- Label a diagram of a human tooth
- State the names and functions of the four types of human teeth
- Explain how tooth decay occurs
- Label a diagram of the digestive system
- Define peristalsis
- Define the term enzyme
- State the site of production and functions of three types of enzymes
- Describe and explain the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme reactions
- Describe two industrial uses of enzymes
- Describe what happens to digested food
- Describe the adaptations of villi
- Describe egestion
- Nutrition Note ~ Download ~
- Balanced Diet ~ Download ~
- Digestive Enzymes Summary Table ~ Download ~
- Digestive System Diagram ~ Download ~
- Teeth Diagram ~ Download ~
- Digestion ~ Download ~
- Comparison of Carbohydrates, Fat Protein ~ Download ~
- Carbohydrates ~ Download ~
- Fats ~ Download ~
- Protein Molecules ~ Download ~
- Topic B1c: Circulation
- State the functions of the four components of blood
- State the differences between arteries, veins and capillaries
- Label a diagram of the heart
- Describe how the heart works
- Describe how heart attacks and strokes happen
- State the factors which cause heart attacks and strokes
- Blood Diagram ~ Download ~
- External Structure of Heart ~ Download ~
- Internal Structure of Heart ~ Download ~
- Note on Blood Artery Veins ~ Download ~
- Note on Blood Artery Veins – Answers ~ Download ~
- Blood Artery Veins Diagram ~ Download ~
- Note on Heart Attack ~ Download ~
- Practice Questions – MS ~ Download ~
- Practice Questions ~ Download ~
- Topic B1d: Breathing and Respiration
- Label a diagram of the human breathing system
- Describe the processes of breathing in and out
- Define diffusion
- State the composition of inhaled and exhaled air
- Describe and explain the process of gaseous exchange
- State the adaptations of the alveoli
- State the functions of cilia and goblet cells
- Describe the components of tobacco smoke and it’s harmful effects
- Write a word equation for aerobic respiration
- State the uses of energy
- Write a word equation for anaerobic respiration
- Describe what causes an oxygen debt
- Breathing and Respiration Note ~ Download ~
- Structure of Mammalian Breathing System ~ Download ~
- The Respiratory System Diagram ~ Download ~
- Structure of the Alveoli – Gaseous Exchange ~ Download ~
- Inhalation & Exhalation ~ Download ~
- Topic B1e: Nervous Control
- Describe the three parts of the nervous system
- Describe how a motor neurone is adapted to it’s function
- Describe the stages of a reflex action
- Label a diagram of an eye
- Describe the functions of rods and cones
- Describe accommodation
- Nervous Control Note ~ Download ~
- Reflex Arc ~ Download ~
- Diagram of the Human Eye ~ Download ~
- Diagram of the Human Eye-Answer ~ Download ~
- Diagram of Forming Image on Retina ~ Download ~
- Sample Questions ~ Download ~
- Sample Questions-MS ~ Download ~
- Topic B1f: Homeostasis
- Define homeostasis
- Explain why homeostasis is necessary
- Explain how temperature is regulated
- Explain how blood glucose levels are regulated
- Describe how urea is formed
- Label a diagram of the excretory system
- Describe the working of the kidneys
- Homeostatis Note ~ Download ~
- Body Temperature Activity Control ~ Download ~
- Sample Questions ~ Download ~
- Sample Questions-MS ~ Download ~
- Topic B1g: Support and Movement
- Describe properties of bone and cartilage
- Label a diagram showing the muscles and bones of a human arm
- Explain how the arm is bent and straightened
- State the function of cartilage, tendons and synovial fluid at joints
B2 – Green Plants as Organisms
- Topic B2a: Photosynthesis
- Write a word equation for photosynthesis
- State the function of chlorophyll
- Describe the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
- Label a diagram of a leaf section
- Describe the adaptations of the leaf for photosynthesis
- Explain why starch is present in leaves
- Describe how to test a leaf for starch
- State the function of nitrates in plants
- Topic B2b: Transport, Support and Growth in Plants
- List the two things absorbed by plant roots
- State the names and functions of the two transport systems in plants
- Describe how water moves upwards in plants
- Define the term transpiration
- Describe the four factors affecting the rate of transpiration
- Describe the two ways that plants support themselves
- Explain why plants shoots grow towards light
B3 – Inheritance & Evolution
- Understand variation
- Inherited vs. environmental
- Continuous vs. discontinuous
- Understand variation can give advantages that are passed to offspring
- Understand characteristics of a population can change due to variation
- Understand that genes are carried on chromosomes which code for making proteins
- Appreciate gametes contain half the number of chromosomes
- Be able to calculate and predict results of a simple cross
- Understand mutation and the consequences
- Understand modern cloning techniques, the benefits to agriculture & possible problems
- Know the term natural selection and one example
- Understand artificial selection, with reference to one type of crop plant or animal
A Note on Evolution ~ Download ~
- Adaptation
- When an organism that is well suited to make the most of the limited resources in its environment
- Variations that give advantages over others are more likely to be passed on than others
- Adaptation leads to changes over time called evolution
- If environment changes different genes may become advantageous leading to a change in the characteristics of a population
- Artificial Selection
- Humans choose individuals in animals/crops that have desirable characteristics and breed them together
- Example:
- Jersey cattle bred to produce milk with very high cream content
- All domestic dogs are the same species but some have been bred for appearance and others for hunting or guarding
- Wheat has been bred so all stems are the same height
- A similar process to artificial selection but is an ongoing process in nature. Only the “best” individuals are able to breed
- Example:
- Peppered moths changed colour from white to black during the industrial revolution
- Zebras must be able to run fast to escape predators such as lion. Zebras have evolved to be fast runners
- In artificial selection humans are the agents, while in natural selection it depends upon the natural environment
- Artificial selection is much quicker than natural selection
- Artificial selection offers no advantage to the animal or plant in its natural environment
- Natural Selection
- Differences Between Artificial and Natural Selection
Genetic Questions Assignment ~ Download ~
A Note on Genetic Screening ~ Download ~
- Genetic Screening
- Detecting conditions before birth, such as Down’s Syndrome or cystic Fibrosis, by looking at a karyotype
- Karyotyping is done by taking a sample of the fetal tissue
- Gene Therapy
- Replacing a defective allele with a normal one
- Is being developed to treat inherited diseases
- May involve gene replacement or gene supplementation
- Can treat germ-line cells or somatic cells
- Germ Line
- Sperm or egg cells are treated so every cell of offspring functions normally
- This is illegal in most countries
- Somatic
- Body cells are altered
- Alteration is NOT passed on to future generations
- Gene Supplementation
- Adding one or more copies of a normal allele to a cell without removing any of the pre-existing ones
- Pedigree
- Genetic tool that shows diseases that are sex-linked
A Note on Mutation ~ Download ~
- Mutation
- Mistakes in the copying of DNA as cells get ready to divide (pairing with incorrect base)
- Damage to the DNA (some environmental factor might alter bases in DNA
- Uneven distribution of chromosomes during division of cells
Change in the type or amount of DNA because of:
- Radiation can increase mutation rates:
- Radiation (gamma, ultraviolet, and X-radiation
- Chemicals (tars in tobacco smoke, plant control hormones)
- Common Examples of Mutation
- Gene mutates to produce an allele that does NOT code for the production of melanin (brown pigment giving skin its colour)
- Damage to the DNA (some environmental factor might alter bases in DNA
Albinism
- Down’s syndrome
- Two number 21 chromosomes go into the same cell so extra copy of chromosome
- Shorter life expectancy because prone to heart defects and infectious diseases
- Have some degree of mental retardation
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Caused by codominant allele of gene that codes for production of hemoglobin
- Abnormal hemoglobin does not carry oxygen very well but is resistant to malaria
B4 – Organisms in their Environment
- Know that the ecosystem is the habitat and the community considered together
- Know that organisms are adapted to their environment
- Know that the growth of a population of organisms may be limited by environmental factors such as food supply or predation
- Be able to interpret population growth curves with respect to one or more limiting environmental factors
- Know the role of producers, consumers and decomposers in food chains and webs
- Be able to interpret pyramids of numbers and biomass and relate these to the loss of energy along food chains
- Be able to discuss the advantages of eating plant products rather than animal products, in terms of the amounts of energy available in a food chain
- Understand the carbon cycle
- Understand how deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels can increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and appreciate that this may lead to global warming
- Understand the nitrogen cycle
- Be able to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nitrogen fertilisers
- Understand how leaching of excess nitrogen fertilisers may damage aquatic ecosystems and suggest alternatives to the use of nitrogen fertilisers
- Understand the water cycle and how it may be affected by deforestation
- Be able to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using pesticides
- Understand the harmful effects of sulfur dioxide on living organisms, including the effects of acid rain
- Appreciate the need to conserve endangered species and their natural habitats
B5 – Classification & Reproduction
- Classification
- Appreciate why organisms are classified into groups
- Be able to use the binomial system of naming organisms and know the binomial names for two different organisms
- Be able to use a simple dichotomous identification key
- Be able to construct a simple dichotomous key know the main features of the five main classes of vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
- Know the main features of three classes of arthropods (insects, rustaceans and arachnids only)
- Know that asexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent
- Understand that sexual reproduction involves a mobile male gamete (e.g. sperm) fusing with a stationary female gamete (e.g. egg)
- Appreciate the significance of the differences between internal and external fertilisation in animals
- Know the reproductive parts of an insect-pollinated flower and understand their functioning
- Understand the differences between pollination and fertilisation in flowering plants
- Understand the differences in structure between insect- and windpollinated flowers
- Understand the formation of seed and fruit from ovule and ovary
- Know the structure of a bean seed (testa, micropyle, cotyledons, plumule and radicle only)
- Understand the conditions needed for germination of seeds
- Reproduction
- Know the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems
- Know that adolescence is controlled by hormones
- Appreciate the changes in the ovary and uterus throughout the menstrual cycle
- Understand the biological aspects of sexual intercourse, fertilisation and implantation
- Appreciate the protection given to the embryo by the amnion and the role of the placenta in allowing transfer of materials to and from the fetus
- Understand the process of birth -understand the methods of transmission of the HIV virus and how the spread of AIDS may be limited
- Appreciate that the world population of humans is growing rapidly and that birth control can help to limit this growth
Comparing Plant and Animal Reproduction ~ Download ~
| Plant | Animal | |
| Name of Male Organs |
(anther & filament) (releases pollen grain) (holds up anther) |
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| Name of Male Gamete |
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| Name of Female Organs |
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| Name of Female Gamete |
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| Location of Fertilization |
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| Method of Fertilization |
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Substances that Diffuse Across the Placenta ~ Download ~
| Type of Substance | To Fetus From Mother | To Mother From Fetus |
| Respiratory Gases |
|
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| Soluble Nutrients |
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| Disease Preventing Substances |
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| Nitrogenous Excretory Substances | Urea | |
| Potentially Harmful Substances |
and other drugs |
- Define ecosystem.
- What are two factors that limit growth of a population?
- What are 3 advantages of eating plant products over animal products?
- Draw the carbon cycle.
- Draw the water cycle.
- Draw the nitrogen cycle.
- What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of using nitrogen fertilizers?
- What are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of using pesticides?
- Chose one of the 3 cycles above and describe how human behavior and disrupt it.
- Design a dichotomous key to organize your classmates.
- Draw and label a diagram of the reproductive parts of a flower.
- Describe the formation of seed and fruit from ovule and ovary.
- Draw and label the structure of a bean seed.
- List 3 conditions needed for germination of a seed.
- How does the ovary and uterus change throughout the menstrual cycle?
- What are 2 examples of mechanical and 2 examples of chemical means of birth control?
- What is the role of amniotic fluid and the placenta to the fetus?
- Describe the steps in intercourse, fertilization and implantation for humans.
- List and describe the functions of all parts of the male reproductive system.
- Describe the hormones and their effects during human adolescence.